1 戦争の理念に関するもの
(1)非戦の兵法
☆｢兵は国の大事､ 死生の地､ 存亡の道､ 察するべからず(始計編)｣
☆｢百戦百勝は善の善なる者に非ず｡ 戦わずして人の兵を屈するは善の善 なるも のなり｡ 国を全うするを上となし､ 国を敗るはこれに次ぐ(謀攻編)｣
☆｢善く兵を用うる者は､ 人の兵を屈するもの､ 戦うに非らざるなり(謀攻編)｣
☆｢利あらざれば動かず､ 得るにあらざれば用いず｡ 危機にあらざれば戦わ ず(火 攻編)｣｡
☆｢慍(怒)は悦(喜び)に復すべきも､ 亡国は復存すべからず｡ 死者は復生すべか らず｡ 故に明王は之を慎 み良将は之を警しむ｡ 此れ国を安んじ軍を全うするの 道なり(火攻編)｣
(2)長期戦の回避
☆｢兵は勝つを貴ぶが､ 久しきを貴ばず(作戦編)｣
☆｢兵は拙速を聞くも､ 未だ巧久なるを賭ざるなり｡ 夫れ兵久しくして国を利す る者は未だこれ有らざるなり (作戦編)
☆｢久しければ兵を鈍くし鋭を挫く｡ 城を攻むれば力屈す。久しく師をさらせ ば国用足らず｡ 夫れ兵を鈍くし、 鋭を挫き、力を屈し貨を弾せば、則ち諸候 其の弊に乗じて起し､ 智者ありと雖も其後を善くする能はず(作 戦編)｣
2 戦争の基本
☆兵は詐(詐欺:騙し合い)を以て立ち､ 利を以て動き､ 分合を以て変をなす(軍争 編)
☆凡そ戦いは正を以て合し、奇を以て勝つ(兵勢編)
☆｢兵は詭道なり､ 故に能なるもこれに不能を示し､ 用なるも之に不用なるを示 し､ 近くとも之に遠きを示し､ 利して之を誘い乱して之を取り､ 実ならば備 え､ 強ければ之を避け､ (中略)親ならば之を離し､ その備え なきを攻め､ そ の不意に出ず(始計編)｣
☆｢諸候を屈するには害を以てし､ 諸候を役するには業(処理しなければならない 事態)を以てし､ 諸候を趨ら すには利を以てす(謀攻編)｣
3 戦法の基本
☆上兵は謀(計画段階)を代つ｡ 其の次は交(同盟関係)を代つ｡ 其次ぎは兵を代 つ｡ その下は城を攻む｡ 城 を攻むるの法は已むを得ざる為なり(謀攻編)
☆｢敵安んじれば之を疲らし､ 飽けば之を餓やし､ 安(止める)まれば之を動かす｡ その必ず行くところに出て､ その意わざるところに行く(虚実編)｣
☆｢十なれば囲み、五なれば攻め､ 倍ならば之を分かち(謀攻編)｣
☆｢兵に常勢なく､ 水に常形なし(虚実編)｣
☆｢兵の情､ 囲まるれば則ち禦ぎ､ 已むを得ざれば則ち闘い､ 過ぐれば則ち従う(九 地編)
☆「善く戦う者は、これを勢に求めて、人にもとめず(兵勢編)｣
☆｢始めは処女の如く､ 敵人戸を開く｡ 後には脱兎の如く､ 敵防ぐも及ばず(九地 編)｣
4 情報及び勝算に関するもの
孫子は勝つためにはまず五事｢度･量･数･称｣､ すなわち地形その他の状況を知 り(度)､ 彼我の兵力や装備､士気などを比較し(量)､ 之に応ずる兵力を準備 し(数)､ 無形の力を加味して実力を比べ(称)､ 勝てなければ戦争をするな､ す なわち､ 無理な戦争をするなと教えている｡
☆「算(勝算)多きは勝ち､ 算少なきは勝たず｡ 而るにいわんや算なきに於いてを や(始計編)｣
☆｢爵禄百金を愛みて敵の情を知らざる者は､ 不仁の至りなり(用間編)｣
☆｢彼を知り己を知れば百戦して危なからず(謀略編)｣
☆「敵の情(情報)を知らざる者は不仁の至りで､ 人の将にあらざるなり｡ 主の補 佐にあらざるなり｡ 勝利の 主にあらざるなり(用間編)」
☆｢聖者にあらずんば間(スパイ)を用ふる能はず｡ 仁者にあらずんば間を使う能 はず(用間編)｣
☆｢戦うべきとき戦うべからざるを知る者は勝つ(中略)彼を知らず己を知れざれ ば､ 戦う毎に必ず危うし
(謀攻編)｣
☆｢敗兵は先ず戦いて而る後に勝ちを求め(軍形編)｣
4 その他
☆｢兵を知るの将は､ 生民の司命､ 国家安危の主なり(作戦編)｣
☆｢夫れ将は国の輔(補佐)なり､ 輔周(緊密)なれば､ 則ち国必ず強く､ 輔と隙あ らば､ 則ち国必ず弱し
(謀攻編)｣
☆｢上下欲を同じくする者は勝つ(謀攻編)｣
☆｢将能にして君御せざる者は勝つ(謀攻編)｣
☆｢軍に輜重なければ則ち亡び、糧食なければ則ち亡び、委積(財貨)なければ則 ち亡ぶ(軍争編)｣
Keywords of the Chinese Stratgy:Sun Tzu'Maxim
1 Laying Plans
(1)The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or ruin.Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
(2)All warfre is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack,we must seem unable;when using our forces,we must seem inactive;when we are near,we must make the enemy bellieve we are far away; when far away, we must make him belive we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
(3)With many caluculations, one can win;with few one cannot. Howmuch less chance of victory has one who makes none at all! By this means I examine the situation and the outcome will be clearly apparent.
2 Waging War
(1)While we have heard of blundering swiftness in war, we have not yet seen a clever operation that was prolomged. For there has never been a protracted war from which a country has benefited.
(2)In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
3 Attck by Stratagen
(1)For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill. Thus, what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy.
(2)In the paractical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact;to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to capturea regiment, a detacment or a company entire than to destroy them.
(3)If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hndred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
(4)He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. (5)Thus, what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy;Nex best is to disrupt his alliances; The next best is to attack his army. The worst policy is to attack cities. Attack cities only when there is no alternative.
4 Tactical Dispositions
(1)Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
(2)In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
5 Weak point and Strong
If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him. appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;much swiftly to places where you are not expected.
6 Variation of Tactics
In a desperate position, you must fight.
7 Attack by the Fire
Move not unless you see an advantage, use not your troops unless there is smething to be ained;fight not unless the position is critical.
8 Spy
(1)One who acts thus is no leader of men, no presen help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
(2)Ignorant of his enemy's situation,is completely devoid of humanity. Such a man is no general; no support to his sovereign; no master of victory.
Sun Tzu and Clausewitz's Reversed Priotities in Identificating Centers of Gravity for Statategic and Operationa Planning in war
(Michael I. Handel, Masters of War:Sun Tzu, Clausewitz and Jomini(London;Frank Cass, 1992)
| Sun Tzu | Ｃｌａｕｓｅｗｉｔｚ | ||
| The Level of Analysis and Distinction between Peace and War |
Center of Gravitiy are indentified Primarily on Highest Political and Strategical Levels:Blurred, the two coexist, Conflicts is Premanent. | Centers of Gravity are Identified Primarily on the Operational and to a
lesser extent also on the Strategic Level:The Distinction between war and
Peace is sharp and clear, conflict is interrupted. |
|
| The Development of the Concept of the Center of Gravity | Thr concept of the Center of Gravity is only implied not explicitly Developed. The Analysis is based on Expeerience, intuition and empirical evidence. The conclusions are partly ambiguous and are provided primarily as a metahor. Guidance for action is general.. | The concept of the Center of Gravity is developed theoretically,explicitly and systematically and is based on newtonian physic.The concept is clearly defined and is intended to provide concrete guidance for action.Not only as metahor. | |
| Prerered means for implementing strategy | The preferred means for implementing stratgic plans are now military(I.E. Diplomatic, economic,political intrigues)recommends the conservation and whenever possible the minimum use of force(Li)oped.The analysis | The means of defeating the enemy are primarily military, force is used extensively(gewalt), other means are recongnized but not considered in detail.Gravity | |
| Objectives Identified as possiblr Center for Gravity by order of priority | Center for Gravity by order of priority: 1.To attack the enemy's strategy or plans before the outbreak of war or use of force. 2.Disrupt his alliances before the outbreak of war. 3.Attack the enemy's Army. 4.Attackthe enemy's cities as last resort. |
Center of Gravity by order of priority: 1.The destruction of the enemy's Army. 2.The seizure of his capital.the delivery of an effective military blow against his principal ally. 4.The enemy's leader. 5.The enemy's public opinion. |